This gene encodes a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that is an integral component of the multimeric gamma-secretase complex. The encoded protein cleaves integral membrane proteins, including Notch receptors and beta-amyloid precursor protein, and may be a stabilizing cofactor required for gamma-secretase complex assembly. The cleavage of beta-amyloid precursor protein yields amyloid beta peptide, the main component of the neuritic plaque and the hallmark lesion in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease; however, the nature of the encoded protein's role in Alzheimer's disease is not known for certain. Mutations in this gene are associated with familial acne inversa. A pseudogene of this gene is present on chromosome 21. Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been determined.
This gene encodes a pyrin-like protein containing a pyrin domain, a nucleotide-binding site (NBS) domain, and a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motif. This protein interacts with the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein PYCARD/ASC, which contains a caspase recruitment domain, and is a member of the NALP3 inflammasome complex. This complex functions as an upstream activator of NF-kappaB signaling, and it plays a role in the regulation of inflammation, the immune response, and apoptosis. Mutations in this gene are associated with familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS), Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS), chronic infantile neurological cutaneous and articular (CINCA) syndrome, and neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID). Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a critical subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, members of the glutamate receptor channel superfamily which are heteromeric protein complexes with multiple subunits arranged to form a ligand-gated ion channel. These subunits play a key role in the plasticity of synapses, which is believed to underlie memory and learning. Cell-specific factors are thought to control expression of different isoforms, possibly contributing to the functional diversity of the subunits. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described.
This gene (NME1) was identified because of its reduced mRNA transcript levels in highly metastatic cells. Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK) exists as a hexamer composed of 'A' (encoded by this gene) and 'B' (encoded by NME2) isoforms. Mutations in this gene have been identified in aggressive neuroblastomas. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Co-transcription of this gene and the neighboring downstream gene (NME2) generates naturally-occurring transcripts (NME1-NME1), which encodes a fusion protein comprised of sequence sharing identity with each individual gene product.
Members of the Myc/Max/Mad network function as transcriptional regulators with roles in various aspects of cell behavior, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. These proteins share a common basic-helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLH-ZIP) motif required for dimerization and DNA-binding. Max was originally discovered based on its ability to associate with c-Myc and found to be required for the ability of Myc to bind DNA and activate transcription. Subsequently, Max has been viewed as a central component of the transcriptional network, forming homodimers as well as heterodimers with other members of the Myc and Mad families. The association between Max and either Myc or Mad can have opposing effects on transcriptional regulation and cell behavior. The Mad family consists of four related proteins; Mad1, Mad2 (Mxi1), Mad3, and Mad4, and the more distantly related members of the bHLH-ZIP family, Mnt and Mga. Like Myc, the Mad proteins are tightly regulated with short half-lives. In general, Mad family members interfere with Myc-mediated processes, such as proliferation, transformation, and prevention of apoptosis by inhibiting transcription.In humans the Myc family consists of 5 genes: c-Myc, N Myc, L-Myc, R-Myc, and B-Myc. While c-Myc is expressed in many proliferating cells, N-Myc expression is very restricted, with highest levels in during embryonic development and then in the adult during B-cell development. These expression patterns and results from targeted deletion of N-Myc suggest that N-Myc plays an important role in tissue development and differentiation. In addition, amplification or overexpression of N-Myc has been found in human neuroblastomas and is associated with rapid progression and poor prognosis.
This gene encodes a type I single transmembrane domain receptor, which is a subunit of cis-prenyltransferase, and serves as a specific receptor for the neural and cardiovascular regulator Nogo-B. The encoded protein is essential for dolichol synthesis and protein glycosylation. This gene is highly expressed in non-small cell lung carcinomas as well as estrogen receptor-alpha positive breast cancer cells where it promotes epithelial mesenchymal transition. This gene is associated with the poor prognosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Naturally occurring mutations in this gene cause a congenital disorder of glycosylation and are associated with epilepsy. A knockout of the orthologous gene in mice causes embryonic lethality before day 6.5. Pseudogenes of this gene have been defined on chromosomes 13 and X.
Non-muscle myosin is an actin-based motor protein essential to cell motility, cell division, migration, adhesion, and polarity. The holoenzyme consists of two identical heavy chains and two sets of light chains. The light chains (MLCs) regulate myosin II activity and stability. The heavy chains (NMHCs) are encoded by three genes, MYH9, MYH10, and MYH14, which generate three different non-muscle myosin II isoforms, IIa, IIb, and IIc, respectively.
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