Specific inhibition of calpain (calcium-dependent cysteine protease). Plays a key role in postmortem tenderization of meat and have been proposed to be involved in muscle protein degradation in living tissue.
Thin filament-associated protein that is implicated in the regulation and modulation of smooth muscle contraction. It is capable of binding to actin, calmodulin and tropomyosin. The interaction of calponin with actin inhibits the actomyosin Mg-ATPase activity.
CNN-1 (Calponin 1 [calcium and calmodulin-binding troponin T-like protein], also Calponin basic, CaP and Calponin H1) is a 32-36 kDa cytoplasmic member of the calponin family of proteins. Although reportedly expressed in fibroblasts and endothelial cells, it actually appears to be restricted to smooth muscle and smooth muscle-like cells such as myoepithelium and myofibroblasts in the adult. CNN-1 interacts with F-actin in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. When nonphosphorylated, CNN-1 blocks actomyosin ATPase activity, contributing to the stabilization of actin stress fiber bundles. Thus, CNN-1 expression inhibits cell motility and the formation of podosomes. Human CNN-1 is 297 amino acids (aa) in length. It contains one CH/calponin homology domain (aa 30-127), and three consecutive calponin-like repeats (aa 164-268). The repeats are suggested to mediate actin binding. There are five potential Ser/Thr phosphorylation sites. Full-length human CNN-1 shares 97% aa sequence identity with mouse CNN-1.
Calreticulin is a multifunctional protein that acts as a major Ca(2+)-binding (storage) protein in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. It is also found in the nucleus, suggesting that it may have a role in transcription regulation. Calreticulin binds to the synthetic peptide KLGFFKR, which is almost identical to an amino acid sequence in the DNA-binding domain of the superfamily of nuclear receptors. Calreticulin binds to antibodies in certain sera of systemic lupus and Sjogren patients which contain anti-Ro/SSA antibodies, it is highly conserved among species, and it is located in the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum where it may bind calcium. The amino terminus of calreticulin interacts with the DNA-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor and prevents the receptor from binding to its specific glucocorticoid response element.
The product of this gene belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinases family, and to the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases subfamily. Calcium signaling is crucial for several aspects of plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. This calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The alpha chain encoded by this gene is required for hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and spatial learning. In addition to its calcium-calmodulin (CaM)-dependent activity, this protein can undergo autophosphorylation, resulting in CaM-independent activity. Several transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.
The product of this gene belongs toThe serine/threonine protein kinase family and toThe Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. Calcium signaling is crucial for several aspects of plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. In mammalian cells,The enzyme is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta.The product of this gene is a beta chain. It is possible that distinct isoforms of this chain have different cellular localizations and interact differently with calmodulin. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
Ca2+/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 4 (CAMKⅣ) belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family, and to the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily which is widely recognized as an essential enzyme implicated in the phophoinositide amplification cascade. Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase (CAMK) can be activated by the introcellular increased Ca2+ and then apt to combine with the target protein. Ca2+/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 4 (CAMKⅣ) is a multifunctional CaM-dependent kinase protein with limited tissue distribution, that has been implicated in transcriptional regulation in lymphocytes, neurons and male germ cells. All of the isforms of this family, including myosin light chain kinase, phosphorylase kinase, CaMK1, CaMKⅢ and CaMKⅣ have EF-hand structure.
This gene encodes one of the catalytic subunits of protein kinase A, which exists as a tetrameric holoenzyme with two regulatory subunits and two catalytic subunits, in its inactive form. cAMP causes the dissociation of the inactive holoenzyme into a dimer of regulatory subunits bound to four cAMP and two free monomeric catalytic subunits. Four different regulatory subunits and three catalytic subunits have been identified in humans. cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinase A is important to many cellular processes, including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Constitutive activation of this gene caused either by somatic mutations, or genomic duplications of regions that include this gene, have been associated with hyperplasias and adenomas of the adrenal cortex and are linked to corticotropin-independent Cushing's syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Tissue-specific isoforms that differ at the N-terminus have been described, and these isoforms may differ in the post-translational modifications that occur at the N-terminus of some isoforms.
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