The casein kinases (CK) belong to the serine/threonine kinases and can be subdivided further into either casein kinase 1 (CK1) or casein kinase 2 (CK2) families due to their high homology in their catalytic domains.In vertebrates, seven CK1 isoforms (α, β, γ1, γ2, γ3, δ and ϵ) and several splice variants for CK1α, δ, ϵ and γ3 have been identified. They differ in length and sequence of the N-terminal (9–76 amino acids) and especially the C-terminal (24–200 amino acids) non-catalytic domain.
Casein Kinase 2 beta is a ubiquitous protein kinase which regulates metabolic pathways, signal transduction, transcription, translation, and replication. The enzyme is composed of three subunits, alpha, alpha prime and beta, which form a tetrameric holoenzyme. The alpha and alpha prime subunits are catalytic, while the beta subunit serves regulatory functions. The enzyme localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. It participates in Wnt signaling, and plays a complex role in regulating the basal catalytic activity of the alpha subunit.
Proinflammatory caspase (PubMed:8702803, PubMed:9038361, PubMed:25119034). Essential effector of NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent CASP1 activation and IL1B and IL18 secretion in response to non-canonical activators, such as UVB radiation, cholera enterotoxin subunit B and cytosolic LPS, as well as infection with Gram-negative bacteria (PubMed:22002608). Independently of NLRP3 inflammasome and CASP1, promotes pyroptosis, through GSDMD cleavage and activation, and IL1A, IL18 and HMGB1 release in response to non-canonical inflammasome activators (PubMed:22002608, PubMed:26320999, PubMed:26375003). Plays a crucial role in the restriction of Salmonella typhimurium replication in colonic epithelial cells during infection. In later stages of the infection (>3 days post infection), LPS from cytosolic Salmonella triggers CASP4 activation, which ultimately results in the pyroptosis of the infected cells and their extrusion into the gut lumen, as well as in IL18 secretion. Pyroptosis limits bacterial replication, while cytokine secretion promotes the recruitment and activation of immune cells and triggers mucosal inflammation (PubMed:25121752). Involved in LPS-induced IL6 secretion; this activity may not require caspase enzymatic activity . Involved in cell death induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress . Activated by direct binding to LPS without the need of an upstream sensor (PubMed:25119034). Does not directly process IL1B (PubMed:8702803, PubMed:9038361). During non-canonical inflammasome activation, cuts CGAS and may play a role in the regulation of antiviral innate immune activation (PubMed:28314590).
This gene encodes a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family. Sequential activation of caspases plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes which undergo proteolytic processing at conserved aspartic residues to produce two subunits, large and small, that dimerize to form the active enzyme. This caspase has been shown to be processed and activated by caspase 8 and caspase 7 in vitro, and by anti-Fas agonist antibody or TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand in vivo. The expression and processing of this caspase may be involved in keratinocyte terminal differentiation, which is important for the formation of the skin barrier.
CASP1(caspase 1) Homo sapiens This gene encodes a protein which is a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family. Sequential activation of caspases plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes which undergo proteolytic processing at conserved aspartic residues to produce 2 subunits, large and small, that dimerize to form the active enzyme. This gene was identified by its ability to proteolytically cleave and activate the inactive precursor of interleukin-1, a cytokine involved in the processes such as inflammation, septic shock, and wound healing. This gene has been shown to induce cell apoptosis and may function in various developmental stages. Studies of a similar gene in mouse suggest a role in the pathogenesis of Huntington disease. Alternative splicing results in transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.
Caspases, a family of endoproteases, are critical players in cell regulatory networks controlling inflammation and cell death. Initiator caspases (caspase-2, -8, -9, -10, -11, and -12) cleave and activate downstream effector caspases (caspase-3, -6, and -7), which in turn execute apoptosis by cleaving targeted cellular proteins. Caspase 3 (also named CPP32, SCA-1, and Apopain) proteolytically cleaves poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) at the beginning of apoptosis. Caspase 3 plays a key role in the activation of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) between the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper domain and the membrane attachment domain. Caspase 3 can also form heterocomplex with other proteins and performs MW of 50-70 kDa. This antibody can recognize p17, p19 and p32 of Caspase 3.
This gene encodes a protein which is a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family. Sequential activation of caspases plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes which undergo proteolytic processing at conserved aspartic residues to produce two subunits, large and small, that dimerize to form the active enzyme. This protein cleaves and activates caspases 6, 7 and 9, and the protein itself is processed by caspases 8, 9 and 10. It is the predominant caspase involved in the cleavage of amyloid-beta 4A precursor protein, which is associated with neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants that encode the same protein.
This gene encodes a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family of enzymes. Sequential activation of caspases plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes which undergo proteolytic processing at conserved aspartic acid residues to produce two subunits, large and small, that dimerize to form the active enzyme. This protein is processed by caspases 7, 8 and 10, and is thought to function as a downstream enzyme in the caspase activation cascade. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants that encode different isoforms.
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