Enolase is an important glycolytic enzyme involved in the interconversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate.Enolase were down-regulated in oxLDL-treated cells or in VLDL-treated cells .And it identified which are associated with glucose metabolism were down-regulated in the process of foam cells formation.
This gene encodes one of the three enolase isoenzymes found in mammals. This isoenzyme is found in skeletal muscle cells in the adult where it may play a role in muscle development and regeneration. A switch from alpha enolase to beta enolase occurs in muscle tissue during development in rodents. Mutations in this gene have be associated glycogen storage disease. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described.
Nitric oxide is a reactive free radical which acts as a biologic mediator in several processes, including neurotransmission and antimicrobial and antitumoral activities. Nitric oxide is synthesized from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthases. Variations in this gene are associated with susceptibility to coronary spasm. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase-phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) is a single-pass, type II transmembrane protein primarily involved in ATP hydrolysis at the plasma membrane. Targeting of ENPP1 to the basolateral cell surface relies on the presence of a carboxy-terminal di leucine-based signal. ENPP1 plays important roles in bone mineralization and soft tissue calcification. Mutations in the corresponding ENPP1 gene cause generalized arterial calcification in infancy (GACI) and idiopathic infantile arterial calcification (IIAC). ENPP1 inhibits insulin receptor function and overexpression of this enzyme causes insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in mice. Genetic variants of ENPP1 have been associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
The protein encoded by this gene is similar to E-type nucleotidases (NTPases)/ecto-ATPase/apyrases. NTPases, such as CD39, mediate catabolism of extracellular nucleotides. ENTPD5 contains 1 apyrase-conserved regions which is characteristic of NTPases.
This gene encodes a carcinoma-associated antigen and is a member of a family that includes at least two type I membrane proteins. This antigen is expressed on most normal epithelial cells and gastrointestinal carcinomas and functions as a homotypic calcium-independent cell adhesion molecule. The antigen is being used as a target for immunotherapy treatment of human carcinomas. Mutations in this gene result in congenital tufting enteropathy.
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM,CD326) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that functions as a homophilic,epithelial-specific intercellular cell-adhesion molecule. In addition to cell adhesion,EpCAM is also involved in cellular signaling,cell migration,proliferation,and differentiation. EpCAM is highly expressed on most carcinomas and therefore of potential use as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for a variety of carcinomas,and has become a therapeutic target.
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