Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein 1 acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules. May play a role in changing or maintaining the spatial distribution of cytoskeletal structures.Binds and inhibits the catalytic activity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase.Promotes transactivation functions of ESR1 and plays a role in the nuclear localization of ESR1.Regulates apoptotic activities of BCL2L11 by sequestering it to microtubules. Upon apoptotic stimuli the BCL2L11-DYNLL1 complex dissociates from cytoplasmic dynein and translocates to mitochondria and sequesters BCL2 thus neutralizing its antiapoptotic activity.
Dystrophin(DMD) Homo sapiens The dystrophin gene is the largest gene found in nature, measuring 2.4 Mb. The gene was identified through a positional cloning approach, targeted at the isolation of the gene responsible for Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) Muscular Dystrophies. DMD is a recessive, fatal, X-linked disorder occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 3,500 new-born males. BMD is a milder allelic form. In general, DMD patients carry mutations which cause premature translation termination (nonsense or frame shift mutations), while in BMD patients dystrophin is reduced either in molecular weight (derived from in-frame deletions) or in expression level. The dystrophin gene is highly complex, containing at least eight independent, tissue-specific promoters and two polyA-addition sites. Furthermore, dystrophin RNA is differentially spliced, producing a range of different transcripts, encoding a large set of protein isoforms.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member ofThe E2F family of transcription factors.The E2F family plays a crucial role inThe control of cell cycle and action of tumor suppressor proteins and is also a target ofThe transforming proteins of small DNA tumor viruses.The E2F proteins contain several evolutionally conserved domains found in most members ofThe family. These domains include a DNA binding domain, a dimerization domain which determines interaction withThe differentiation regulated transcription factor proteins (DP), a transactivation domain enriched in acidic amino acids, and a tumor suppressor protein association domain which is embedded withinThe transactivation domain. This protein and another 2 members, E2F2 and E2F3, have an additional cyclin binding domain. This protein binds preferentially to retinoblastoma protein pRB in a cell-cycle dependent manner.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the E2F family of transcription factors. The E2F family plays a crucial role in the control of cell cycle and action of tumor suppressor proteins and is also a target of the transforming proteins of small DNA tumor viruses. The E2F proteins contain several evolutionally conserved domains found in most members of the family. These domains include a DNA binding domain, a dimerization domain which determines interaction with the differentiation regulated transcription factor proteins (DP), a transactivation domain enriched in acidic amino acids, and a tumor suppressor protein association domain which is embedded within the transactivation domain.
This gene encodes a member of a member of a high affinity glutamate transporter family. This gene functions in the termination of excitatory neurotransmission in central nervous system. Mutations are associated with episodic ataxia, Type 6. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
During neurotransmission, glutamate is released from vesicles of the presynaptic cell, and glutamate receptors (e.g., NMDA Receptor, AMPA Receptor) bind glutamate for activation at the opposing postsynaptic cell. Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) regulate and maintain extracellular glutamate concentrations below excitotoxic levels. In addition, glutamate transporters may limit the duration of synaptic excitation by an electrogenic process in which the transmitter is cotransported with three sodium ions and one proton, followed by countertransport of a potassium ion. Five EAATs (EAAT1-5) have been identified. EAAT1 and EAAT2 are expressed mainly in glia, while EAAT3, EAAT4, and EAAT5 are considered to be neuronal transporters. EAAT3 is found in the perisynaptic areas and cell bodies of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. Research studies have implicated abnormal EAAT3 expression in the pathophysiology of Schizophrenia.
Epithelial (E) - Cadherin (ECAD), also known as cell-CAM120/80 in the human, uvomorulin in the mouse, Arc-1 in the dog, and L-CAM in the chicken, is a member of the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules. Cadherins are calcium-dependent transmembrane proteins, which bind to one another in a homophilic manner. On their cytoplasmic side, they associate with the three catenins, alpha, beta, and gamma (plakoglobin). This association links the cadherin protein to the cytoskeleton. Without association with the catenins, the cadherins are non-adhesive. Cadherins play a role in development, specifically in tissue formation. They may also help to maintain tissue architecture in the adult. E-Cadherin may also play a role in tumor development, as loss of E-Cadherin has been associated with tumor invasiveness. E-Cadherin is a classical cadherin molecule. Classical cadherins consist of a large extracellular domain which contains DXD and DXNDN repeats responsible for mediating calcium‑dependent adhesion, a single-pass transmembrane domain, and a short carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic domain responsible for interacting with the catenins. E‑Cadherin contains five extracellular calcium-binding domains of approximately 110 amino acids each.
Expressed in inner and outer pillar cells of the organ of Corti (at protein level)
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